News is the communication of selected information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third-party or mass audience.

Etymology

One theory claims that the English word "news" developed in the 14th century as a special use of the plural form of "new". In Middle English, the equivalent word was ''newes'', like the French ''nouvelles'' and the German ''neues''. Similar developments are found in the Slavic languages – the Czech and Slovak ''noviny'' (from ''nový'', "new"), the cognate Polish ''nowiny'' and Russian ''novosti'' – and in the Celtic languages: the Welsh ''newyddion'' (from ''newydd'') and the Cornish ''nowodhow'' (from ''nowydh'').

History

Before the invention of newspapers in the early 17th century, official government bulletins and edicts were circulated at times in some centralized empires.

The first documented use of an organized courier service for the diffusion of written documents is in Egypt, where Pharaohs used couriers for the diffusion of their decrees in the territory of the State (2400 BC). This practice almost certainly has roots in the much older practice of oral messaging and may have been built on a pre-existing infrastructure.

In Ancient Rome, ''Acta Diurna'', or government announcement bulletins, were made public by Julius Caesar. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places.

In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the ''Kaiyuan Za Bao'' ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582 there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty.

In Early modern Europe, increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten newssheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly ''Notizie scritte'', which cost one gazetta. These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700) — sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers. Due to low literacy rates, news was at times disseminated by town criers.

Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, from 1605, is recognized as the world's first newspaper.

The oldest news agency is the Agence France-Presse (AFP). It was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and advertising agent, Charles-Louis Havas as Agence Havas.

In modern times, printed news had to be phoned in to a newsroom or brought there by a reporter, where it was typed and either transmitted over wire services or edited and manually set in type along with other news stories for a specific edition. Today, the term "breaking news" has become trite as commercial broadcasting United States cable news services that are available 24-hours a day use live satellite technology to bring current events into consumers' homes as the event occurs. Events that used to take hours or days to become common knowledge in towns or in nations are fed instantaneously to consumers via radio, television, mobile phone, and the Internet.

Newspapers

Most large cities in the United States historically had morning and afternoon newspapers. As the media evolved and news outlets increased to the point of near over-saturation, most afternoon newspapers were shut down. Morning newspapers have been gradually losing circulation, according to reports advanced by the papers themselves. Commonly, news content should contain the "Five Ws" (who, what, when, where, why, and also how) of an event. There should be no questions remaining. Newspapers normally place hard news stories on the first pages, so the most important information is at the beginning. Busy readers can read as little or as much as they desire. Local stations and networks with a set format must take news stories and break them down into the most important aspects due to time constraints. Cable news channels such as BBC News, Fox News, MSNBC, and CNN, are able to take advantage of a story, sacrificing other, decidedly less important stories, and giving as much detail about breaking news as possible.

News organizations are often expected to aim for objectivity; reporters claim to try to cover all sides of an issue without bias, as compared to commentators or analysts, who provide opinion or personal point-of-view. The result is a laying out of facts in a sterile, noncommittal manner, and then standing back to "let the reader decide" which view is true. Several governments impose certain constraints or police news organizations against bias. In the United Kingdom, for example, limits are set by the government agency Ofcom, the Office of Communications. Both newspapers and broadcast news programs in the United States are generally expected to remain neutral and avoid bias except for clearly indicated editorial articles or segments. Many single-party governments have operated state-run news organizations, which may present the government's views.

Even in those situations where objectivity is expected, it is difficult to achieve, and individual journalists may fall foul of their own personal bias, or succumb to commercial or political pressure. Similarly, the objectivity of news organizations owned by conglomerated corporations fairly may be questioned, in light of the natural incentive for such groups to report news in a manner intended to advance the conglomerate's financial interests. Individuals and organizations who are the subject of news reports may use news management techniques to try to make a favourable impression. Because each individual has a particular point of view, it is recognized that there can be no absolute objectivity in news reporting.

Newsworthiness

Newsworthiness is defined as a subject having sufficient relevance to the public or a special audience to warrant press attention or coverage.

In some countries and at some points in history, what news media and the public have considered "newsworthy" has met different definitions, such as the notion of news values. For example, mid-twentieth-century news reporting in the United States focused on political and local issues with important socio-economic impacts, such as the landing of a living person on the moon or the cold war. More recently, the focus similarly remains on political and local issues; however, the news mass media now comes under criticism for over-emphasis on "non-news" and "gossip" such as celebrities' personal social issues, local issues of little merit, as well as biased sensationalism of political topics such as terrorism and the economy. The dominance of celebrity and social news, the blurring of the boundary between news and reality shows and other popular culture, and the advent of citizen journalism may suggest that the nature of ‘news’ and news values are evolving and that traditional models of the news process are now only partially relevant. Newsworthiness does not only depend on the topic, but also the presentation of the topic and the selection of information from that topic.

New Ecology of News

“Everything we thought we once knew about journalism needs to be rethought in the Digital Age”, professor of Sociology and Communication Michael Schudson points out. Today the work of journalism can be done from anywhere and done well. It requires no more than a reporter and a laptop. In that way, journalistic authority seems to have become more individual- and less institution-based. But does the individual reporter always have to be an actual journalist? Or can journalistic work be done from anywhere and by anyone? These are questions that refers to the core of journalistic practice and the definition of “news” itself. As Schudson has given emphasis to, the answer is not easily found; “the ground journalists walk upon is shaking, and the experience for both those who work in the field and those on the outside studying it is dizzying”.

Schudson has identified the following six specific areas where the ecology of news in his opinion has changed: 1. The line between the reader and writer has blurred 2. The distinction among tweet, blog post, newspaper story, magazine article, and book has blurred 3. The line between professionals and amateurs has blurred, and a variety of “pro-am” relationships has emerged 4. The boundaries delineating for-profit, public, and non-profit media have blurred, and the cooperation across these models of financing has developed 5. Within commercial news organizations, the line between the news room and the business office has blurred 6. The line between old media and new media has blurred, practically beyond recognition

These alterations inevitably has fundamental ramifications for the contemporary ecology of news. “The boundaries of journalism, which just a few years ago seemed relatively clear, and permanent, have become less distinct, and this blurring, while potentially the foundation of progress even as it is the source of risk, has given rise to a new set of journalistic principles and practices”, Schudson puts it. It is indeed complex, but it seems to be the future.

References

Further reading

Stephens, Mitchell. "The History of News - 3rd Ed" Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.

External links

Category:Television terminology

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honorific-prefix	Her Excellency
name	Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
order	55th President of Argentina
term start	10 December 2007
predecessor	Néstor Kirchner
vicepresident	Julio Cobos
order2	First Lady of Argentina
term start2	25 May 2003
term end2	10 December 2007
preceded2	Hilda Duhalde
succeeded2	Néstor Kirchner (First Spouse of Argentina)
order3	Senator of Argentina For Buenos Aires Province
order4	Senator of Argentina For Santa Cruz
term3	10 December 2005 – 28 November 2007
term4	10 December 2001 – 9 December 200510 December 1995 – 3 December 1997
order6	Deputy of Argentina For Santa Cruz
term start6	10 December 1997
term end6	9 December 2001
birth date	February 19, 1953
birth place	La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
spouse	Néstor Kirchner (1975–2010 (his death))
party	Front for Victory (FPV)Justicialist Party (PJ)
children	Máximo KirchnerFlorencia Kirchner
profession	Lawyer
alma mater	National University of La Plata
religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature	CF SIGNATURE.svg
Website	The Casa Rosada }}

Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (; born 19 February 1953), commonly known as Cristina Fernández or Cristina Kirchner (or simply Cristina), is the 55th and current President of Argentina and the widow of former President Néstor Kirchner. She is Argentina's first elected female President, and the second female President ever to serve (after Isabel Martínez de Perón, 1974–1976). A Justicialist, Fernández served one term as National Deputy and three terms as National Senator for both Santa Cruz and Buenos Aires Provinces.

A native of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Fernández is a graduate of the National University of La Plata. She met her husband during her studies, and they moved to Santa Cruz to work as lawyers. In May 1991, she was elected to the provincial legislature. Between 1995 and 2007, she was repeatedly elected to the Argentine National Congress, both as a National Deputy and National Senator. During Kirchner's presidency (2003–2007) she acted as First Lady. Fernández was chosen as the Front for Victory presidential candidate in 2007. In the October 2007 general election she obtained 45.3% of the vote and a 22% lead over her nearest rival, avoiding the need for a runoff. She was inaugurated on December 10, 2007. As a First Lady, and later President, she has become a fashion icon for women, a notable advocate for human rights, poverty awareness and health improvement.

Personal life

Fernández was born in Ringuelet, a suburb west of La Plata, Province of Buenos Aires, daughter of Eduardo Fernández and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm. She studied law at the National University of La Plata during the 1970s and became active in the Peronist Youth. During her studies there, she met her future spouse, Néstor Kirchner. They were married on March 9, 1975, and had two children: Máximo and Florencia. Néstor died on October 27, 2010 after suffering a heart attack.

Political career

Fernández started her political career in the Peronist Youth movement of the Justicialist Party in the 1970s. During the period of authoritarian rule in the country, she and Néstor dropped out of politics and practiced law in Río Gallegos. She picked up politics again in the late 1980s, and was elected to the Santa Cruz Provincial Legislature in 1989, a position to which she was re-elected in 1993.

In 1995, Fernández was elected to represent Santa Cruz in the Senate. She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1997, and in 2001, returned to the Senate. Fernández helped with her husband's successful campaign for the presidency in 2003, but without making joint public appearances. In the April 27, 2003, presidential election first round, former president Carlos Saúl Menem won the greatest number of votes (25%), but failed to get the votes necessary to win an overall majority. A second-round run-off vote between Menem and runner-up Néstor Kirchner was scheduled for May 18. Feeling certain that he was about to face a sound electoral defeat, Menem decided to withdraw his candidacy, thus automatically making Kirchner the new president, with 22% of the votes. This was the lowest number in the history of the country.

During her husband's term, Fernández became the First Lady of the country. In that role, she worked as an itinerant ambassador for his government. Her highly combative speech style polarized Argentine politics, recalling the style of Eva Perón. Although she repeatedly rejected the comparison later, Cristina Fernández once said in an interview that she identified herself "with the Evita of the hair in a bun and the clenched fist before a microphone" (the typical image of Eva Perón during public speeches) more than with the "miraculous Eva" of her mother's time, who had come "to bring work and the right to vote for women".

At the October 2005 legislative elections, Fernández was her party's main candidate for Senator in the Province of Buenos Aires district. She ran a heated campaign against Hilda González de Duhalde, the wife of former president Eduardo Duhalde. Fernández won the elections by 45,77%, followed by González de Duhalde with 20,43%.

Election to Presidency of Argentina

With Fernández leading all the pre-election polls by a wide margin, her challengers were trying to force her into a run-off. She needed either more than 45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a lead of more than 10% over her nearest rival, to win outright. Fernández won the election in the first round with 45.3% of the vote, followed by 22% for Elisa Carrió (candidate for the Civic Coalition) and 16% for former Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna. Eleven others split the remaining 15%. Kirchner was popular among the suburban working class and the rural poor, while Carrió received more support from the urban middle class, as did Lavagna. Of note, Kirchner lost the election in the three largest cities (Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario), although she won in most other places elsewhere, including the large provincial capitals such as Mendoza and Tucumán.

On November 14, the president-elect publicly announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on December 10. Of the 12 ministers appointed, seven were already ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for the first time. Three other ministries were created afterwards.

The president elect began a four-year term on December 10, 2007, facing challenges including inflation, union demands for higher salaries, private investment in key areas, lack of institutional credibility (exemplified by the controversy surrounding the national statistics bureau, INDEC), utility companies demanding authorization to raise their fees, low availability of cheap credit to the private sector, and the upcoming negotiation of the defaulted foreign debt with the Paris Club. Kirchner was the second female president of Argentina, after Isabel Martínez de Perón, but unlike Perón, Kirchner was the head of the ballot, whereas Isabel Perón was elected as vice president of Juan Domingo Perón and became president after his death. The transition from Néstor Kirchner to Cristina Kirchner was also the first time when a democratic head of state was replaced by his spouse, without involving the death of any of them. Néstor Kirchner stayed active in politics despite not being the president, and worked alongside Cristina Kirchner. The press developed the term "''presidential marriage''" to make reference to both of them at once. Some political analysts compared this type of government with a diarchy. However, on January 31, in a special meeting with Kirchner, the U.S. Ambassador to Argentina, Earl Anthony Wayne, clarified that the allegations "were never made by the United States government," and the dispute cooled down. Having said that the prosecutors making the charges are part of the independent judicial branch of the U.S. government

Elisa Carrió and María Estenssoro, both high ranking members of the main opposition parties, have claimed that the Argentine government's response to the allegations and its criticism of the U.S. are a "smokescreen", that the U.S. involvement in the affair was merely symptomatic, and the root cause of the scandal is corruption in the Argentine and Venezuelan governments.

2008

Riding a wave of approval during a dramatic economic recovery from a 2001–2002 crisis, the Kirchners' FPV had prevailed enjoyed increasingly large majorities in Congress, reaching their peak following the 2007 general elections (with 153 Congressmen and 44 Senators, at the time). In March 2008, Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports, effectively raising levies on soybean exports from 35% to 44% at the time of the announcement. This led to a nationwide lockout by farming associations, starting on March 12, with the aim of forcing the government to back down on the new taxation scheme. They were joined on March 25 by thousands of pot-banging demonstrators massed around the Buenos Aires Obelisk and in front of the presidential palace.

Protests extended across the country. In Buenos Aires, hours after Kirchner attacked farmers for their two-week strike and "abundant" profits, there were violent incidents between government supporters and opponents, to which the police was accused of wilfully turning a blind eye. The media was harshly critical of Luis D'Elía, a former government official who took part in the incidents, with some media sources and members of the opposition (notably Elisa Carrió), claiming that he and his followers had disrupted the protest pursuant to the government's orders. On April 1, the government organised a rally during which thousands of pro-government protesters marched through downtown Buenos Aires in support of the bill increasing Argentina's export taxes on the basis of a sliding scale; at the event, Kirchner called on farmers to act "as part of a country, not as owners of a country."

In April 2008, on the 26th anniversary of the Falklands War, Kirchner stepped up Argentine claims to the Falkland Islands. She called Argentina's rights to the islands "inalienable".

The large majorities in the Argentine Congress enjoyed by the Front for Victory could not ultimately guarantee a legislative blank check: on July 16, 2008, the presidentially sponsored bill met with deadlock, and was ultimately defeated by the tie-breaking "no" vote of Vice President Julio Cobos himself. The controversy cost the FPV 16 Congressmen and 4 Senators by way of defections. This put an end to the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, though it cost Cobos access to the executive branch of the government. He was reportedly considered "a traitor" by the followers of Kirchner's administration. Cobos denied that he would resign, although the relationship between the President and the Vice President has an uncertain future.

A poll result published in ''El País'', Spain's most widely circulated daily newspaper, revealed that following the protests, Fernández's approval rating had "plummeted" from 57.8% at the start of her administration to an unprecedented 23%. Once recovered from the conflict with agrarian interests, Cristina Kirchner's public approval improved; her job approval ratings rose by 30% (''Poliarquía'', 08/22/08). Her inflexible handling of the protests and reluctance to review the policies that sparked the protest have led to speculation that it is her husband, predecessor in office and current leader of the Justicialist Party, Néstor Kirchner, who controls her administration. The British weekly newspaper ''The Economist'' has described this situation as Kirchner "paying the price for her husband's pig-headedness", and as of February 2009, her job approval rating was 28%.

On October 20, 2008, Fernández proposed the transfer of nearly US$30 billion in private pension holdings to the social security system, a law that was passed by Congress in late November.

President Cristina Kirchner is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.

Fernández was invited to the prestigious Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy in Washington, D.C., on November 15, 2008, by President George W. Bush. During her stay in Washington, she held meetings with Brazilian leader Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (at the Four Seasons Hotel in Georgetown), Madeleine Albright (representing U.S. President-elect Barack Obama), Senator Christopher Dodd and Australia's Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd at the Park Hyatt Hotel. She then attended the G20 meeting in London April 2, 2009 and was given a seat of honour at the dinner held the night before at 10 Downing Street, when she was seated across from President Obama.

Also in the year 2008, Cristina Kirchner vetoed the "Law of protection of the glaciers" ( ), which had been approved almost unanimously in Congress (only 3 senators opposed the law). Critics have stated that the President's attitude would threaten over 75% of the country's water reserves.

Cristina Kirchner has travelled extensively as president, visiting Algeria, Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, France, Libya, Mexico, Qatar, Russia, Spain, the UK, the U.S. and Venezuela, among other nations.

2009

Following the June 28, 2009, mid-term elections, the ruling FPV's party list lost its absolute majority in both houses of Congress, shedding a further 24 seats in the Lower House (including allies) and 4 in the Senate. They lost in the four most important electoral districts (home to 60% of Argentines), and among these, the loss was narrow only in the Province of Buenos Aires. The FPV obtained a very narrow victory, overall, as a percentage of the national vote, and retained their plurality in Congress. This will be reflected in strengthened opposition alliances, notably the center-right Unión Pro, the centrist Civic Coalition and the left-wing Proyecto Sur, when elected candidates in both chambers take office on December 11, 2009.

Allegations of impropriety have contributed increasingly to the Kirchners' decline in approval, as well. The couple's own, latest federal financial disclosure in July 2009 revealed an increase in their personal assets by 7 times, since Néstor Kirchner's 2003 inaugural. The increase was partly the product of land deals in El Calafate, a scenic, Santa Cruz Province town where the couple has long vacationed and own property (including of land and two hotels).

On October 17, 2009, President Cristina Fernández proposed the compulsory submission of DNA samples in cases related to crimes against humanity, in a move lauded by the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, but excoriated by opposition figures as a political move against Clarín Media Group Chairperson Ernestina Herrera de Noble, who is in litigation over her suspected adoption of two children of the "disappeared," and whose hitherto cordial relations with Kirchnerism had recently soured. Similar motives are alleged by the opposition against the president's Media Law, which would restrict the number of media licences per proprietor and allocate a greater share of these to state and NGOs, thereby limiting the influence of ''Clarín'' and the conservative ''La Nación''. The president's proposed enactment of mandatory primary elections for all of Argentina's myriad political parties, and for every elected post, was likewise rejected by opposition figures, who charged that these reforms could stymy minor parties and the formation of new ones.

Following charges of embezzlement filed by a local attorney, Enrique Piragini, on October 29, Federal Judge Norberto Oyarbide ordered an accounting expert to investigate the origin of the Kirchners’ wealth. Public records show that since their arrival to power in 2003, the declared assets of Cristina and Néstor Kirchner have increased by 572%. A preliminary report on the investigation by the Argentine Anti Corruption Office (OA) established that the official figures provided by the Kirchners "don't stack up". The investigation was suspended by Judge Oyarbide on December 30, though a week later, Piragini appealed the ruling.

On 29 October 2009 she launched a universal child benefit plan ( ) as a way to fight poverty with the goal to reach approximately five million children and youths. Since its creation, the program has been lauded for having boosted school attendance rates and reduced poverty amongst families

2010

The year began with controversy surrounding the president's order that a US$6.7 billion escrow account be opened at the Central Bank for the purpose of retiring high-interest bonds, whose principal is tied to inflation. The move met with the opposition of Central Bank President Martín Redrado, who refused to implement it, and following an impasse, he was dismissed by presidential decree on January 7, 2010.

Redrado refused to abide by the initial decree removing him from the presidency of the Central Bank, however, and petitioned for a judicial power to keep him in office. Accordingly, the president enacted another decree for his dismissal, citing "mis-conduct" on Redrado's part. The legitimacy of this new decree was questioned as well, as his dismissal would deny Redrado due process. Congress was at a recess period at the time, but most of its opposition members considered returning to override the decrees through an extraordinary session. The session became a source of controversy as well: Kirchner considered that, according to the 63rd article of the Constitution, only the President may call for an extraordinary session while the Congress is in recess. Cobos replied instead that all regulations concerning decrees require the immediate advise and consent of Congress, that the body's by-laws (56 and 57) allow extraordinary sessions called by any member, and that the commission formed for that purpose functions all at all times, even during recess.

The planned use of foreign exchange reserves through a Necessity and Urgency Decree was itself questioned by several opposition figures, who argued that such a decree may not meet a threshold of "necessity" and "urgency" required by the Constitution of Argentina for its enactment. Judge María José Sarmiento handed down a ruling preventing said use of reserves, and the Government reacted by appealing the ruling. President Kirchner defended the policy as a cost saving maneuver, whereby government bonds paying out 15 percent interest would be retired from the market. The move, however, also provided numerous vulture funds (holdouts from the 2005 debt restructuring who had resorted to the courts in a bid for higher returns on their defaulted bonds) a legal argument against the central bank's autarky, and thus facilitated a judgement lien on January 12 against a central bank account in New York.

Judge Sarmiento also annulled the decree that removed Redrado and reinstated him as President of the Central Bank the following day. The ruling also refuted claims of mis-conduct cited by President Cristina Kirchner to justify his removal. International media described the attempted removal of Redrado as authoritarian, while criticizing the planned use of reserves for debt retirement, as well as accelerating spending growth, as fiscally irresponsible. Opposition Congresswoman Elisa Carrió, a likely candidate in the upcoming 2011 presidential campaign, has raised the possibility of impeachment procedures against Mrs. Kirchner.

At the start of the month of February 2010, one of Cristina Fernández's private asessors resigned his post due to the claims of "illicit gain". Just two weeks afterwards, another of her private asesors, Julio Daniel Álvarez, resigned for the same reason.

On February 22, 2010, British oil explorer Desire Petroleum, started drilling exploration wells some north of the disputed Falkland/Malvinas Islands, despite strong opposition from Argentina which took the issue to the Latin America and Caribbean Presidents summit where it received unanimous support. According to geological surveys carried out in 1998, there could be of oil in the area around the islands but the 2010 drill carried out poor results. As a result Desire's share price plummeted and the company announced further work could begin later this year (2010).

In March 2010 Fernández made an historic amends trip to Peru a country with whom relations had been adversely affected following the Carlos Menem administration's illegal sale of weapons to Ecuador in the 1990s. In the same month Fernández received the visit of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in Buenos Aires, where she received great support for the way her administration was managing the foreign debt issue and emphasized the positive relationship between the two countries something which was not reported by local major news media

In April 2010, Chile's new president Sebastián Piñera was received in Buenos Aires on his first foreign tour abroad and reaffirmed the current strong ties between the two countries. following which Cristina Fernández attended the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington DC, after which President Barack Obama thanked Argentina for its role in international stabilization and earthquake relief efforts in Haiti. Back in Buenos Aires, she received the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev the first such visit in Argentina's history. Two days later, the Prime Minister of Vietnam Nguyễn Tấn Dũng arrived. On April 19, she was invited to the bicentennary of the independence celebrations in Venezuela, where she was the main speaker in front of the National Assembly. She signed 25 trade agreements with Venezuela relating to food, technology and energy.

In May 2010, the President traveled to Spain for the European Union-Latin America and the Caribbean summit, where she was asked to compare the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis and the 2001 Argentine's default. Back in Buenos Aires, during the Argentina Bicentennial celebrations, Cristina Fernández did not participate in the military parade of 5,000 troops (which included delegations of Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Bolivia, etc.) on the 9 de Julio Avenue, which was considered a gest of contempt towards the Argentine Armed Forces.

In June 2010, her administration completed the debt swap (which was started by former president Néstor Kirchner in 2005) clearing 92% of the bad debt left from its sovereign default in 2001. Argentina external debt now represents 30% of the country's GDP, whilst the Central Bank foreign reserves reached $49 billion {USD}, more than the amount that was available when the decision to pay foreign debt earlier in the year was taken.

Also in June 2010, she gave a speech at the International Trade Union Confederation (CSI) Global Summit, being held in Vancouver, Canada where she asserted that "many Euro-zone countries today have applied the same policies that led Argentina to disaster (in 2001)," stating, also, that "it's an inescapable responsibility of the government to intervene in the financial system.". Later, she traveled to Toronto to attend the G20 Summit and spoke against the EU fiscal austerity plans fearing this would lead to a slow down in the global economy. French President Nicolas Sarkozy responded by saying that the Latin American representatives who reject the Eurozone adjustments do not know the "harrassment" to the Euro , to which Cristina Fernández responded that he shouldn't "question somebody" just because he doesn't "agree" with what they say and also clarified that Argentina is interested in the euro because parts of its reserves are held in euros and that she's "sure that Sarkozy does not have even one cent in Argentine pesos in his Central Bank.". Later addressing the press she added, "In Latin America we can give cathedra about harassment and seizure." She also had a chance to speak with new British PM David Cameron.

In July 2010, she traveled to the People's Republic of China with the goal of, according the Chinese embassy at Buenos Aires, strengthening the strategic partnership between the two countries On her return, she signed a bill legalizing same-sex marriage in Argentina. This strained the government's already strained relationship with the Catholic Church. She also reaffirmed her policy of debt reduction in announcing to continue to pay foreign debt with Central Bank foreign reserves which reached a country historic record of $51 billion USD in July. In August 2010, Cristina Fernández began to use her Twitter account. She also preceded the 39th Mercosur summit at San Juan where the trade bloc agrees to reduce customs fees and signs a free-trade deal with Egypt

On September 2010, it was announced that Argentina was elected president of the Group of 77+China and prepared to act as a ‘bridge” with G-20 major economies to which it also belongs Cristina Fernández visited Chile during their Bicentenary celebrations where she also assisted at the baptism of a Chilean baby, Anaís Escobar Maldonado, born in the Argentine Hospital deployed at Curico after the earthquake. The visit had a high profile in the media mainly because of the possible extradition to Chile of Sergio Apablaza. She met with president Sebastian Piñera and participated in the festivities at the national stadium. She also confirmed the celebration of the III bi-national cabinet meeting for next October. Fernández then departed for New York to give her United Nations General Assembly speech where she once again criticized Britain over the Falklands (Malvinas) issue, and Iran for the 1994 AMIA bombing whilst giving her support for an Israeli-Palestinian dialogue and an eventual Palestinian state. On September 30 she hosted the UNASUR presidents' emergency summit at Buenos Aires due the Ecuador crisis and started an official visit to Germany the following day in order to participate as a Guest of Honour at the Frankfurt Book Fair and meet with Chancellor Angela Merkel. In October she inaugurates the III News Agencies World Congress to be held in Bariloche. This same month, and as part of the 2006 civilian nuclear-power reactivation program, Fernández reopened the Pilcaniyeu uranium enrichment plant, put on ice in the 1990s, amid worsening shortages of natural gas. Following the death of her spouse (see below), Cristina Fernández resumed activities and flew to Asia for the G20 Seoul summit. After her return she announces that the Paris Club agrees to debt talks without the IMF intervention as proposed by Argentina since 2008. These negotiations will result in the settlement of the last portion of the sovereign debt defaulted in the 2001 crisis after the successful restructuring debts of 2005 and 2009. On November she also participated on the UNASUR Summit at Guyana after which will host the XX Ibero-American Summit at Mar del Plata

On the morning of 27 October 2010, her husband, former President Néstor Kirchner, died of a heart failure at the Hospital Jose Formenti in El Calafate, Santa Cruz Province. He had been subject to two coronary interventions earlier in the year (2010). On February 7, 2010, he developed problems with the common carotid artery and needed surgery. On September 11, he was intervened because of coronary artery blockage and needed an angioplasty. Néstor Kirchner had a massive state funeral at the Casa Rosada.

2011

The 2011 year is influenced by the general election that will take place in October. The youth organization the Cámpora increased its influence within the government, disputing offices and candidacies with the traditional structures of the Justicialist Party and the CGT. Cristina Fernández chose Daniel Filmus as mayor of Buenos Aires candidate. Nevertheless, she has not clarified whether she will run for a new term as president or not. On 21 June 2011 Cristina Fernández announced she will run for a second term as president. A few days later, she announced that Amado Boudou would run for the vicepresidency in her ticket. Most candidates for deputies were chosen personally by her, favoring the members of the Cámpora.

Cristina Fernandez had international conflicts with Brazil, regarding a disagreement over the trade quotas between the countries. She also had conflicts with the United States, after seizing a plane of the US military.

Cabinet

On November 14, 2007, the president-elect publicly announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on December 10. Of the 12 ministers appointed, seven were already ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for the first time. Three other ministries were created afterwards.

Relationship with the media

Fernández and her husband have always had a tempestuous relationship with the national media, particularly from 2007 onwards (despite previous excellent rapport) with Grupo Clarín corporation which is owner of video cable networks, multiple TV Channels, radios, the main newspaper and through most of a decade before 2010 the monopoly of the Argentine football, a so-called opinion-former.

In April 2008, Kirchner received a stern public rebuke from the Argentine media owners Association (Spanish: ''Asociación de Entidades Periodísticas Argentinas'', or ADEPA) for having publicly accused the popular cartoonist Hermenegildo Sábat of behaving like a "quasi mafioso". In addition, a government proposal to create a watchdog to monitor racism and discrimination was received with suspicion by ADEPA, who called it a "covert attempt to control the media". Néstor Kirchner, Cristina's husband and predecessor in office, received a similar rebuke for publicly and falsely denouncing Joaquín Morales Solá, a journalist critical of the government, for having produced an inflammatory text published in 1978.

On September 11, 2009, she advanced the decriminalization of injurious calumny against public officials, a charge which had, in 2000, resulted in a prison term of one year for Eduardo Kimel, a journalist investigating the San Patricio Church massacre of 1976. She drew fire from a highly controversial Audiovisual Media Law proposed shortly afterwards, however. Defended by the government as a reform intended to fragment ownership of media companies as to encourage plurality of opinion, the bill was criticised by part of the opposition as a means to silence voices critical of the government, especially those in the Clarín media group (the country's largest). However, a significant amount of opposing congressmen voted in favor of the law, as they considered it was clearly an improvement on the existing one, and that the government had been willing to negotiate and modify parts of the proposed new law to improve it.

The law has aroused further controversy, given that in its passing through the chambers of the legislature, the mandatory 7 day period between debate and assent of the new legislation was ignored. The view among the part of the opposition that opposed the bill is that Kirchner’s government tried to rush the law through parliament before December 2009, when the government could have lost its absolute majorities in Congress.

Dr. Lauro Laíño, the president of ADEPA (media owners), in a speech given on the 24 September 2009, opposed the proposed law, and added that in Latin America, especially in Venezuela and Argentina, “press freedom was being undermined under the suspicious pretext of plurality” Others, notably press freedom advocacy group Reporters Sans Frontières, have expressed some support for the measure, citing the need to repeal the Radio Broadcast Law of 1980 enacted by the National Reorganization Process, Argentina's last military government.

The acrimony between Cristina Kirchner's government and the national media was exacerbated by a series of lock-ins carried out by the truck drivers' union led by Pablo Moyano, son of Hugo Moyano, a close ally of the Kirchner government. During the lock in, the country's most widely circulated newspapers (''Clarín'' and ''La Nación'') were prevented by force and threats of violence from distributing papers to newsstands. On 7 November 2009, the Association of Newspaper Editors of Buenos Aires (AEDBA) issued a statement in which it claimed that the truck drivers' unions' actions had been the fiercest attack on the free circulation of newspapers the country had seen since its return to democratic rule in 1983.

On 2010 the Supreme Court of Argentina ruled that the judicial movement made by an opposition deputy who tried to suspend the new Media Law, which was approved by the National Congress, was illegal.

Public image

In 2008, she was ranked by the magazine ''Forbes'' as thirteenth in the list of the 100 most powerful women in the world, being the second female head of government in the list below Angela Merkel. In 2009 she rose to eleventh, but in 2010 she fell to sixty-eighth. In 2010, she was ranked by the magazine ''Time'' as second in the list of the Top 10 Female Leaders of the World.

Her public image decreased during the conflict with the agricultural sector, leading to a defeat of the party in 2009. The Death and state funeral of Néstor Kirchner increased her public image again.

Her speeches work with appeals to emotion, both at the beginning and the end. She makes frequent appeals to pity by mentions to the death of her husband and her own pain about it. The achivements of both Néstor's administration and her own are treated with hyperbole and compared with the 2001 economic crisis.

Style

Cristina is known for being passionate about clothes. According to The Times, "Cristina has deployed her glamour and sexuality as potent weapons on her way to a goal that not even the legendary Eva Peron was able to achieve.". She likes the mixture of textures, colors and prints, and has some favorite designers from Argentina. She always wears makeup and high heels.

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner is often criticized by observers - in both the media and the world of politics - for her excessive spending on clothes, jewelry and shoes. She rarely wears the same attire twice and in many cases, has been criticized for arriving late to meetings with international leaders, because she was getting dressed.

Since Néstor's death, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner has decided to wear only black attire. So far, she has worn more than 200 different black outfits, including tailleurs, suits, pants, evening dresses and jackets.

Bibliography

References

External links

Cristina Fernandez on Honduras Coup Office of the President Official site of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Senate of the Argentine Republic website Extensive biography by CIDOB Foundation

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Category:Presidents of Argentina Category:Current national leaders Category:Members of the Argentine Senate Category:Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies Category:Justicialist Party politicians Category:Argentine lawyers Category:People from La Plata Category:Argentine Roman Catholics Category:University of La Plata alumni Category:Female heads of government Category:Female heads of state Category:Argentine women in politics Category:Spouses of the Presidents of Argentina Category:Néstor Kirchner Category:1953 births Category:Living people

af:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ar:كرستينا فيرنانديز an:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ay:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner bs:Cristina Fernández br:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner bg:Кристина Фернандес де Киршнер ca:Cristina Fernández cs:Cristina Fernández cy:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner da:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner de:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner et:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner el:Κριστίνα Φερνάντες ντε Κίρχνερ es:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner eo:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner eu:Cristina Fernández fa:کریستینا فرناندز د کیرشنر fr:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner gv:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner gl:Cristina Fernández ko:크리스티나 페르난데스 데 키르치네르 hy:Քրիստինա Ֆերնանդես դե Քիրշներ hi:क्रिस्टीना फर्नांडीज डी किर्चनेर hr:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner io:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner id:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner is:Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner it:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner he:כריסטינה פרננדס דה קירשנר ka:კრისტინა ფერნანდესი la:Christina Fernández de Kirchner lv:Kristina Fernandesa de Kiršnere lb:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner lt:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner hu:Cristina Kirchner mr:क्रिस्तिना फर्नांदेझ दे कर्शनर ms:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner nah:Cristina Fernández nl:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ja:クリスティーナ・フェルナンデス・デ・キルチネル no:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner oc:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner uz:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner pl:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner pt:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ro:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ru:Фернандес де Киршнер, Кристина sco:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner simple:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner sk:Cristina Fernándezová de Kirchner sl:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner sr:Кристина Киршнер sh:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner fi:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner sv:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner th:กริสตินา เฟรนันเดซ เด กีร์ชเนร์ tr:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner uk:Крістіна Фернандес де Кіршнер vi:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner yo:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner zh-yue:克里斯蒂娜 bat-smg:Cristina Fernández zh:克里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯·德基什内尔

William Levy (born January 10, 1939), known as the Talmudic Wizard of Amsterdam and Dr. Doo-Wop, is the author of such works as The Virgin Sperm Dancer, Wet Dreams, Certain Radio Speeches of Ezra Pound and Natural Jewboy.

Before leaving the U.S. in the autumn of 1966 aboard the R.M.S Queen Mary, Mr. Levy attended the University of Maryland and Temple University and taught in the literature department at Shippensburg State College, in Pennsylvania. In the sixties and seventies, he was founder and chief-editor of many magazines such as: The Insect Trust Gazette, International Times, Suck, and The Fanatic. Recently, he served as European Editor for American glossy fanzines High Times and Penthouse magazine and as an associate editor of Amsterdam zines Het Gewicht, Ins & Outs, La Linea and Atom Club. Mr. Levy has been a regular contributor to Andrei Codrescu's Exquisite Corpse and Libido and is currently publisher of Transactions of the Invisible Language Society series. His meditation play Europe in Flames was also featured at the Festival of New Radio in New York. In 1998, Mr. Levy was awarded the Erotic Oscar for writing at London's Sex Maniac's Ball. Until his recent retirement from radio and for 20 years non-stop, Mr. Levy's alter-ego, Dr. Doo Wop, could be heard weekly spinning groovy music across Amsterdam's airwaves.

Mr. Levy currently lives in Amsterdam with his wife, the literary translator Susan Janssen (translator of many works of Bukowski and of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby).

Selected works

Playing Tennis with Kafka

Have Rock Will Roll

Confessions of a Failed Dealer

France: Oxygen, a Thirsty (American-in-Paris) Satori

Refugee TV

A Call for Chaos & Beans On Toast, Please!

Poetry and Pensees

Three Poems

Dear George W Bush

Impossible: The Otto Muehl Story (New York: Barany Artists, 2001)

The Virgin Sperm Dancer

Wet Dreams

Certain Radio Speeches of Ezra Pound

Jeremiad Chants

Natural Jewboy (Ins & Outs Press, Amsterdam, 1981)

Voicings and Transmissions

Radio Art

Blood

Rape

An Introduction to Political Porno in Europe

A Vilna Legend

The Night Before Charisma

Billy's Holiday

Viagra Blues

Is There Sex Over Forty?

Never Knew Never From Less: Secondary Raw Materials of Harry Hoogstraten

ZOCK: The Outlaw Manifesto of the Century

Death of a Gunslinger: An Obituary on Ed Dorn for America

Requiem for Christian Loidl

Hanging Out With Zalman Shneour

Two Mornings in Amsterdam Pt. 1 Lost Soles

Fourth and Fifteen & A Poet's Guide to Fashion

External links

Dr. Doo-wop A film by Michiel Brongers

William Levy: Beyond Criticism a Biopic by Malcolm Hart

Category:1939 births Category:American journalists Category:American novelists Category:American poets Category:Living people

name	Cheryl Burke
full name	Cheryl Baustia Burke
birth date	May 03, 1984
birth place	San Francisco, California, U.S.
occupation	Dancer
years active	1988–present
height	}}

Cheryl Stephanie Burke (born May 3, 1984) is a professional dancer. She is best known for being the first two-time champion of ABC's American version of ''Dancing with the Stars''.

Early life

Burke grew up in Atherton, California. Her father is of Irish and Russian descent and her mother is Filipino. Her family dances for recreation and has a dance floor at home. At age four, she began taking ballet lessons and performing locally. She then began ballroom dancing and decided to change her focus. She trained in both standard ballroom and Latin dances. She began competing at age 13. Cheryl attended Menlo-Atherton High School, graduated in 2002. In fall of 2007 Cheryl was awarded the key to the city from the mayor of Atherton at her old high school.

''Dancing with the Stars''

Burke won her first championship with 98 Degrees member Drew Lachey in the second season. She won her second championship with retired football star Emmitt Smith in the third season.

Burke returned to the ballroom on March 19, 2007 for Season 4, partnered with actor Ian Ziering. Burke and Ziering were eliminated in the semi-finals on May 15, 2007.

Burke participated in a 38-city ''Dancing with the Stars'' Tour from December 19, 2006 to February 11, 2007. She also joined the second summer tour, which visited 24 cities between June 20, 2007 in Austin, Texas and July 24, 2007 in Vancouver, Canada. Her celebrity partner for both tours was Drew Lachey.

Burke competed on Season 5. Her partner was Las Vegas entertainer Wayne Newton. They were the third couple eliminated from the competition on October 9, 2007.

Burke participated with both Lachey & Newton in the ''Dancing with the Stars'' winter tour that kicked off December 18, 2007 in Seattle, Washington. The tour wrapped in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 10, 2008.

Burke competed on Season 6 and was partnered with actor Cristián de la Fuente. They trained at Palm Beach, Florida's "Paramount Ballroom," which is owned by former U.S. Nine-Dance Champion Alec Lazo. They made it to the finals and on May 20, 2008, Cheryl and Cristián placed 3rd in the Season 6 competition.

Burke returned to the show for Season 7 with partner Maurice Greene. They were eliminated in Week 8 on November 11, 2008 and came in 5th place.

Burke returned to the show's eighth season, in which she was paired with actor Gilles Marini. They were the runners-up for the season, losing to Shawn Johnson and Mark Ballas.

On August 17, 2009, it was announced that Burke would compete on the ninth season of ''Dancing with the Stars'' with partner Tom DeLay (former U.S. House of Representatives Majority Leader). On October 6, 2009, Burke and DeLay withdrew from the competition because DeLay had stress fractures in both feet.

In season ten Burke was partnered with Chad Ochocinco. They were eliminated in the semi-finals and came in fourth place.

Rick Fox was partnered with Burke in the show's eleventh season. They were voted off in the seventh week of the competition in came in 6th place.

For the 12th Season, Burke was partnered with wrestler Chris Jericho. They were voted off in the sixth week of the competition.

! Season	! Partner	! Place
1
2		1st
3		1st
4		4th
5
6		3rd
7		5th
8		2nd
9
10		4th
11		6th
12		7th
13	Rob Kardashian

Performances

Season 2: Celebrity Partner Drew Lachey Average: 27.7 Placed: 1st:

rowspan="2"	Week #
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	2		Quickstep/ "Neutron Dance"		9		9		9		Safe
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	7Semi-finals		Foxtrot/ "It Had to Be You"Rumba/ "Total Eclipse of the Heart"		910		99		810
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Paso Doble/ "Thriller"Freestyle/ "Save a Horse (Ride a Cowboy)"Jive/ "Hound Dog"

Season 3: Celebrity Partner Emmitt Smith Average: 26.8 Placed: 1st:

rowspan="2"	Week #
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	2		Quickstep/ "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree"		8		8		8		Safe
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	4		Paso Doble/ "España Cañí"		8		8		8
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Samba/ "Cha Cha"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Waltz/ "At This Moment"Cha-Cha-Cha/ "Dance to the Music"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"

Season 4: Celebrity Partner Ian Ziering Average: 24.8 Placed: 4th:

rowspan="2"	Week #
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	2		Quickstep/ "Don't Get Me Wrong"		7		8		7
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Samba/ "Dance Like This"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Tango/ "Holding Out for a Hero"Mambo/ "Gimme the Light"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Foxtrot/ "Baby, It's Cold Outside"Rumba/ "Imagine"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Tango/ "Maneater"Jive/ "All Shook Up"

Season 5: Celebrity Partner Wayne Newton Average: 17.3 Placed: 10th:

	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Cha-cha-cha/ "You're the First, You're the Last, You're my Everything"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"

Season 6: Celebrity Partner Cristián de la Fuente Average: 25.2 Placed: 3rd:

	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Cha-cha-cha/ "Bang Bang"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Viennese Waltz/ "I'll Make Love to You"Samba/ "Sobe Son"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Tango/ "Beat It"Mambo/ "Saca Tu Mujer"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Viennese Waltz/ "Satellite"Samba/ "Sweetheart From Venezuela"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Cha-Cha-Cha/ "Dancing on the Ceiling"Freestyle/ "Suavemente"

Season 7: Celebrity Partner Maurice Greene Average: 22.9 Placed: 5th:

rowspan="2"	Week #
	1		Foxtrot/ "Doing it to Death"		6		6		6
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Salsa/ "Everything I Can't Have"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Cha-cha-cha/ "Cupid Shuffle"Paso Doble/ "Rocks"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"

Season 8: Celebrity Partner Gilles Marini Average: 28.1 Placed: 2nd:

rowspan="2"	Week #
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Cha-cha-cha/ "Addicted to Love"
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	3		Samba/ "El Matador"		9		9		9		Safe
	4		Argentine Tango/ "Assassin's Tango"		10		10		10		Safe
	5		Paso Doble/ "Habanera"		10		9		10		Safe
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	7		Viennese Waltz/ "I Go to Sleep"		9		9		9		Safe
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"|Lindy Hop/ "Go Daddy-O"Tango/ "Womanizer"
	9		Foxtrot/ "Fever"Rumba/ "Sexual Healing"		109		99		109		Safe
	style="text-align:center; background:#faf6f6;"
	11Finals		Paso Doble/ "So What"Freestyle/ "Flashdance (What a Feeling)"Argentine Tango/ "Assassin's Tango"		10910		101010		10910

Season 9: Celebrity Partner Tom DeLay Average: 16.3 Placed: 13th:

rowspan="2"	Week #
	1		Cha-Cha-Cha/"Wild Thing"		6		5		5		Safe
	1		Viennese Waltz Relay/"I'm Your Man"
	4
	Safe
	2		tango (ballroom)>Tango/"Por una Cabeza"		6		6		6		Safe
	3		Samba/"Why Can't We Be Friends?"		6		4		5		Withdrew

Season 10: Celebrity Partner Chad Ochocinco Average: 22.2 Placed: 4th

rowspan="2"	Week #
	1		Cha-Cha-Cha/"It's Just Begun"		6		6		6		No Elimination
	2		Foxtrot/"100 Years"		6		5		5		Safe
	3		Paso Doble/"Cancion Del Mariachi"		7		6		7		Safe
	4		Rumba/"Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart"		7		6		8		Technique Score
	4		Performance Score		8		7		8		Safe
	5		Quickstep/"The Bare Necessities"		6		6		6		Safe
	6		Argentine Tango/"El Sonido De La Milonga"		8		8		8		Safe
	7		Viennese Waltz/"Sparks"		8		9		8		Safe
	7		Cha-Cha-Cha/"Telephone"		9		9		9		Safe
	8		Tango/"Sweet Dreams"		7		7		7
	8		60s' Jive/"Love Man		8		8		8		Last To Be Called Safe
	9 semi-final		Waltz/"If You Don't Know Me By Now"		9		9		9
	9 semi-final		Samba/"Alejandro		8		8		9

Season 11: Celebrity Partner Rick Fox Average: 22.3 (as of October 4, 2010) Placed: 6th: Week 4 - Double Score Showdown - Technique/Performance score

rowspan="2"	Week #
	1		Viennese Waltz/"Crazy"		8		7		7		Safe
	2		Jive/"Tush"		7		7		7		Safe
	3		Samba/"Whine Up"		8		8		8		Safe
	4		Argentine Tango/"Violentango"		6/6		7/7		6/7		Safe
	5		Rumba/"''Hills Street Blues''" Theme		8		8		8		Last To Be called safe
	6		Tango/"You Really Got Me"		8		8		8		Safe
	7		Quickstep/"Hey Pachuco"		10/9		9		9

Season 12: Celebrity Partner Chris Jericho Average: 22.3 Placed: 7th

rowspan="2"	Week #
	1		Cha-Cha-Cha/"Should I Stay or Should I Go"		7		6		6		No Elimination
	2		Quickstep/"I Got Rhythm"		8		7		8		Safe
	3		Rumba/"Let It Be"		7		7		7		Last To Be Called Safe
	4		Paso Doble/"In the Hall of the Mountain King"		8		7		8		Safe
	5		Viennese Waltz/"America The Beautiful"		9		8		9		Last To Be Called Safe
	6		Tango/"Don't Stop Believin"		7		8		7

Acting

Burke had a guest role on the Disney Channel series ''The Suite Life of Zack and Cody'', in the episode "Loosely Ballroom" along with fellow ''Dancing'' professionals Louis van Amstel, Ashly DelGrosso, and Lacey Schwimmer. She portrays Shannon, a nurse attending to the ensemble cast during a dance contest at the series setting, The Tipton Hotel. In the final round of the competition, Burke's character volunteers to replace an ill competitor. She and her partner go on to win the competition.

In November 2009, ''US Magazine'' magazine announced that Burke is in talks to star as Roxie Hart in Chicago on Broadway during the hiatus from ''Dancing With the Stars''.

Awards and honors

2005 World Cup Professional Rising Star Latin Champion

2005 San Francisco Latin Champion

2005 Ohio Star Ball Rising Star Latin Champion

UK Championships

4th in U.S. in the "Under 21s."

Dancing with the Stars (season 2) champion with Drew Lachey

Dancing with the Stars champion Season 3 with Emmitt Smith

Two-time nominee: Prime Time Emmy 2006, Outstanding Choreography for Paso Doble and Outstanding Choreography for Freestyle; Burke is the youngest nominee to ever receive nominations in that category. ⁽¹⁾

On October 20, 2007, Cheryl won the Role Model Award at the 7th Annual Filipino/American Library Gala.

On the 2008 Asian Excellence Awards, she won the Viewer's Choice award for Favorite T.V. Personality.

Molestation

In 2011, she released her autobiography, Dancing Lessons, describing how she, at age 6, was molested by a handyman helping her family, who repeatedly fondled her. She believed it was wrong but wanted to gain the affection of the person. The molester was sentenced to 22 years in prison and was recently released. Burke said that she is fearful of the person.

References

External links

Official web site for Cheryl Burke Dance

Official web site for Cheryl Burke

Dancing with the Stars biography

My Ox Is Broken Interview (2006)

Cheryl Burke interview

Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:American ballroom dancers Category:American people of Filipino descent Category:American people of Russian descent Category:American people of Irish descent Category:People from San Mateo County, California

es:Cheryl Burke pl:Cheryl Burke tl:Cheryl Burke

name	Ricki Lake
birth name	Ricki Pamela Lake
birth date	September 21, 1968
birth place	Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, United States
occupation	Actress, television host, producer
years active	1987–present
spouse	Rob Sussman (1994–2003) (divorced/annulled) }}

Ricki Pamela Lake (born September 21, 1968) is an American actress and television host, best known for her starring role as Tracy Turnblad in the original ''Hairspray'' and for her talk show.

Early life

Lake was born to a Jewish family in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, the daughter of Jill, a homemaker, and Barry Lake, a pharmacist. She attended Ithaca College and the Professional Children's School.

Career

Notable acting roles

Lake made her film debut as Tracy Turnblad, the lead character in John Waters' 1988 film ''Hairspray''. She appeared in several other Waters films including ''Cecil B. Demented'', ''Cry-Baby'', and ''Serial Mom''. She also appeared in such films as ''Mrs. Winterbourne'', ''Cabin Boy'', ''Last Exit to Brooklyn'', ''Cookie'', ''Inside Monkey Zetterland'', and the television movie ''Baby Cakes''.

In 1989, Lake joined the cast of the Vietnam War drama series ''China Beach'' as Red Cross volunteer Holly. She later went on to have recurring role as Doug's sister Stephanie on the TV series ''King of Queens''. She has also guest-starred on television series including ''Drop Dead Diva'' and a voice role on ''King of the Hill''.

Lake made a cameo appearance in the 2007 movie musical ''Hairspray'' as a William Morris talent agent, and teamed up with star Nikki Blonsky, who had reprised the role of Tracy Turnblad in the 2007 movie musical remake, and Marissa Jaret Winokur, who had reprised the role of Tracy Turnblad in the Broadway musical based on the original 1988 film, to record "Mama I'm a Big Girl Now" for the soundtrack, which is played at the film's end credits. She later reunited with original ''Hairspray'' co-star Deborah Harry for the film ''Grammercy Park Hotel'' which was released in 2008. In October 2007, Lake appeared in the Lifetime TV movie ''Matters with Life and Dating''. She performed in a CBS television special, ''Loving Leah'', that aired in January 2009.

Ricki Lake was originally cast in the TV show ''The Middle'', but she was replaced by Patricia Heaton after ABC announced it had greenlighted the series as a midseason 2009 replacement.

Talk show

''Ricki Lake'' was a daytime talk show. The show specialized in topics involving invited guests and incorporated questions and comments from a studio audience.

The show debuted in syndication on September 13, 1993 and ended first-run episodes on May 25, 2004.

In 2000, Lake told Rosie O'Donnell in an interview she had signed on for four additional years. Although Sony Pictures Television had many stations contracted through the 2004–2005 season, Lake decided to end the show in August 2004, citing (among other things) a desire to spend time with her family. She moved from Los Angeles to New York to tape the 11th season of the show, then returned to California when taping was complete.

Other projects

After her talk show was canceled, Lake went on to host the 2006 CBS limited series ''Gameshow Marathon,'' which re-created classic game shows with celebrity contestants. She also signed a development deal with ''Gameshow Marathon'' production company FremantleMedia for other ventures, including creating and producing future programs and projects.

''The Business of Being Born,'' Lake's documentary about home birth and midwifery, was released in limited markets on January 18, 2008. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival and Red Envelope released the film in New York, L.A. and San Francisco in October and it also screened in Australia. ''The Business of Being Born'' included footage and details of Lake's own "life-changing" home-birthing experience and followed a midwife going about her work. Tribeca called it "The Inconvenient Truth of Childbirth." Lake described it as her life's work for the last three years and expressed hopes that the film educated and empowered people to really know their choices in childbirth.

In 2009, Lake returned to television. On May 11, 2009 she replaced Sharon Osbourne as host for the third season of VH1’s ''Charm School.''

Lake also jointly wrote a book on the world of natural childbirth and birthing options, along with Abby Epstein and Jacques Moritz, called ''Your Best Birth,'' published by Wellness Central on May 1, 2009. Lake and Epstein also launched MyBestBirth.com, an online social network, powered by Ning, intended to allow parents and medical professionals to dialogue about varying birthing options and resources.

On November 10, 2010, Lake joined fellow talkers Phil Donahue, Sally Jessy Raphael, Geraldo Rivera, and Montel Williams as guests of Oprah Winfrey on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show.'' This marked the first time that these talk show hosts ever appeared together on one show since their programs left the air.

In March 2011 it was reported that three television studios, Twentieth Television, Universal Media Studios and CBS Television Distribution, were interested in bringing Lake back to Talk TV in 2012. This after Lake began appearing on various programs in which she expressed a desire to return to the genre. On April 20, 2011, Lake signed with Twentieth, which will develop her new ''talk show'', for a September 2012 launch. It will have more of an "Oprah"-like format than her previous series.

Lake is set to appear on the 13th season of Dancing With The Stars.

Personal life

Lake met artist/illustrator Rob Sussman at a Halloween party in 1993. The couple married shortly after in Las Vegas. Their two sons are Milo Sebastian Sussman (March 22, 1997) and Owen Tyler Sussman (June 18, 2001). The couple divorced in 2003 after 10 years of marriage.

In early 2007, Lake pursued a "new routine" resulting in over 125 pounds of weight loss, taking her down to 120 pounds (55 kg) from a high of 260 (118 kg). In November 2007, Lake cited sexual abuse as a child as a reason for her problems with obesity.

On September 18, 2010, Lake's rented Malibu home was destroyed by fire. She and her sons escaped without injury.

On January 15, 2011, Lake finished in sixth place in the PokerStars Caribbean Adventure Luxury Ladies Poker Event, collecting $5,587 of the prizepool.

Filmography

+ Film
! Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
1988		Tracy Turnblad
1988	''The In Crowd''	Dancer	Uncredited
1988	''Working Girl''	Bridesmaid
1989		Pia
1989		Grace
1989		Donna
1990	''Cry-Baby''	Pepper Walker
1992	''Where the Day Takes You''	Brenda
1992		Charlotte	Uncredited
1992	''Inside Monkey Zetterland''	Bella the Stalker
1993		Kerry Tate
1994	''Cabin Boy''	Figurehead
1994	''Serial Mom''	Misty Sutphin
1996	''Mrs. Winterbourne''	Connie Doyle/Patricia Winterbourne
2000	''Cecil B. Demented''	Libby
2006		Peggy
2007		Talent agent
2008	''The Business of Being Born''	-	Executive producer

+ Television
! Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes
1987	''Kate & Allie''	Teri	1 episode
1988	''ABC Afterschool Special''	Carmen	1 episode
1989		Grace	Television movie
1989	''Starting Now''	Ricki Ross	Television series pilot
1989–1990	''China Beach''	Holly Pelegrino	13 episodes
1990	''Gravedale High''	Cleofatra (Voice)	Unknown episodes
1991	''The Chase''	Tammie	Television movie
1991	''Riders in the Sky''	Broadway Baby	1 episode
1992	''Based on an Untrue Story''	Velour	Television movie
1998	''Murder She Purred: A Mrs. Murphy Mystery''	Mary Minor "Harry" Haristeen	Television movie
2000–2001	''The King of Queens''	Stephanie Heffernan	6 episodes
2004	''Higglytown Heroes''	Carpenter Hero	1 episode
2006	''King of the Hill''	Lila (Voice)	1 episode
2007		Frankie Heck	1 episode
2007	''Matters of Life and Dating''	Linda	Television movieExecutive producer
2009	''Loving Leah''	Rabbi Gerry	Television movieCo-executive producer
2009	''Charm School with Ricki Lake''	Head-mistress	10 episodes
2010	''Drop Dead Diva''		1 episode
2010	''The Oprah Winfrey Show''	Herself	Guest, "Talk Show Reunion"

Awards and nominations

! Year	! Award	! Result	! Category	! Film or series
1994	Daytime Emmy Awards			''Ricki Lake''
1989	Independent Spirit Award		''Hairspray''

References

External links

Category:1968 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from New York Category:American film actors Category:American film producers Category:American game show hosts Category:American television actors Category:American television producers Category:American television talk show hosts Category:Jewish American writers Category:Ithaca College alumni Category:Jewish actors Category:People from Westchester County, New York

da:Ricki Lake de:Ricki Lake es:Ricki Lake fr:Ricki Lake nl:Ricki Lake ja:リッキー・レイク no:Ricki Lake pl:Ricki Lake ru:Лейк, Рики simple:Ricki Lake fi:Ricki Lake sv:Ricki Lake